The Influencing Factors of the Export Competitiveness of New Energy Vehicles

Abstract

Global exports of new energy vehicles (NEVs), have entered a period of rapid expansion, reshaping the competitive landscape in both developed and emerging markets. This paper examines the factors influencing NEV export competitiveness in China, Germany, and Japan. Using a mixed-methods design, combining a literature review, indicator-based benchmarking, and original surveys of importers and dealers, the paper analyzes the impact of industry fundamentals—such as battery cost and capacity, technological innovation, range, fast charging, patents, and policy environments—on export performance. The results indicate that declining battery costs, increasing patent intensity, and improved destination infrastructure are significantly associated with increases in export volume and quality-adjusted unit value, while tariffs and certification frictions can inhibit shipments. Qualitative analysis revealed market segmentation through interviews: developed markets prioritize brand, safety, and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) features, while emerging markets emphasize price, range, and maintenance costs. This study provides a coherent indicator system and policy and enterprise-level recommendations to enhance the export competitiveness of new energy vehicles amid rising trade barriers and widening standard divergence.